The Adil Shahi rulers of Bijapur, who governed from 1489 to 1686 CE, occupy a distinguished place in the history of South India. Establishing Gogi and Bijapur as their capitals, they fostered a dynamic political and cultural landscape that extended into Yadgiri district. Regions such as Yadgiri town, Shahapur, and Gogi emerged as vibrant centres of architectural activity, reflecting the grandeur of their rule. The secular buildings constructed during this period offer profound insights into the socio-cultural fabric, administrative systems, and everyday life of the time. Notably, palaces, guest houses, pigeon houses [kabutar khanas], and ammunition houses were designed in the Indo-Islamic architectural style, showcasing a remarkable synthesis of aesthetic elegance and functional precision. These structures were not merely residential spaces but served as crucial hubs for governance, communication, and security. Architectural elements such as domes, arches, and intricate ornamental details highlight the technical excellence and artistic sensibilities of the era. This study critically examines the architectural features, historical context, and cultural significance of these secular structures in Yadgiri district. By doing so, it brings to light the enduring legacy and architectural brilliance of the Adil Shahi period, offering a deeper understanding of its contribution to India’s rich heritage. 

The retail sector is experiencing rapid transformation due to advancements in automation technologies such as automated billing systems, digital payment platforms, artificial intelligence-based customer support, and smart inventory management. While urban retail stores have increasingly adopted these technologies, rural retail markets are gradually adapting to automation with varying levels of success. This study aims to compare rural and urban retail stores in terms of adoption, effectiveness, and challenges associated with customer service automation. The research adopts a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire distributed among retail store owners and managers. The findings are expected to reveal differences in technological adoption, customer acceptance, and operational efficiency between rural and urban retail environments. The study also highlights key barriers to automation implementation and provides insights for improving customer service automation in the retail industry. 

This study aims to examine the impact of the Indian Constitution’s provisions on the upliftment and empowerment of the weaker sections of society in our country. It seeks to promote socio-political justice for these communities in India. The findings of this research are expected to contribute to improving the lives of marginalized groups. The study emphasizes that a true welfare state is one that actively looks after the well-being of all its citizens. It argues that economic growth should not result in the concentration of wealth among a select few but should serve the common good. The study believes that economic growth does not mean the concentration of economic benefits in the hands of a few people in the community but should aim at the common good. This paper describes how the Indian Constitutional provision has seriously assured all its citizens justice-social, economic, and political; liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship; equality of status and of opportunity; and promoted among all communities assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation, especially the weaker sections of the people. The study highlighted that the provisions of the Indian Constitution have endeavored to adapt the specifically differing rights like socio-economic justice and individual liberty and fundamental rights by putting some relevant provisions for the empowerment of the weaker section in the country. 

English has emerged as a dominant global lingua franca, playing a crucial role in modern education, international communication, and professional development. This paper examines the historical evolution of English, its role as a global language, and its significance in academic and professional contexts. It also explores how English enhances employability skills and supports interdisciplinary learning through modern technological tools. The study highlights the indispensability of English in fostering global collaboration and knowledge dissemination in the 21st century.

Indian banking is incomplete without mentioning the exponential growth in digital banking and technological advancements. India is leveraging fintech innovations to transform Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). As the Government pushes ahead with the “One State, One RRB” policy to consolidate RRBs, fintech companies have a golden opportunity to play a pivotal role in rapidly moving RRBs into the digital age. With widespread penetration in rural areas, RRBs are crucial in driving financial inclusion across the country. However, given the changing dynamics in digital payments and financial services, it is critical for RRBs to modernize and integrate with modern technology-based payment ecosystems such as Aadhaar Enabled Payments System (AePS), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and Unified Lending Interface (ULI). The research paper highlights and examines how fintech innovation transforms RRBs in India and examines how the use of FinTech solutions has resulted in financial inclusion and banking services in rural areas. This study also analyses the impact of fintech on the rural banking operations and performance. This study is based on both primary data and secondary data. This is descriptive in nature. The data will be analyzed through some statistical tools such as percentage, Mean, Kendall’s ‘W’ test, and Chi-square test. 

The English language has emerged as a global medium of communication in education, research, and professional environments. It plays a crucial role in promoting academic excellence and facilitating collaboration among scholars across the world. English enables students, researchers, and professionals to share knowledge, participate in international conferences, and access a vast range of academic resources. This paper highlights the importance of English in higher education, research communication, and global academic interaction. It also explains how English language proficiency contributes to academic success and international cooperation. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that mastering English is essential for effective participation in the global academic community.

The Social Empowerment of Women includes equal access to Education, Health, Environment, Shelter, Nutrition, etc. Equal access to education for women and girls will be ensured. Special measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination, universalize education, eradicate illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by women. In view of growing improvements in the socio-economic condition of women efforts were made to maximize the participation of women in different educational levels, with the notion that education is the most important instrument to bring awareness about their rights, social status, as a prime element to maximize participation in different kinds of productive employment. Data on various social, economic and demographic characteristics, of respondents used in this study pertain to 150 scheduled caste women who are members of SHG. Gulbarga City of Karnataka state. All the SHGs in this city were surveyed at the time of data collection for an in-depth study by a researcher. During the course of enumeration, SHGs having only scheduled caste women members identified and all such available scheduled caste SHG women were interviewed. The second stage of data collection involved visits to respective SHGs where there were SC women available for conducting detailed interviews about the research study purpose. The data was collected during the months of November and December in the year 2025. Throughout the period of data collection, the researcher rather spent full day in the SHG and had the opportunity to have a first hand experience of living and working amongst the respondents. 

In recent years, environmental concerns such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, pollution, waste management problems, resource depletion, etc., have increased significantly. These challenges are problems that threaten nature, human health, and future development. Businesses and governments are adopting new approaches to reduce environmental damage and promote economic growth with the protection of the environment and sustainable development. For achieving environmental sustainability and long-term economic growth, various initiatives have been adopted by nations. Important among them are the concepts of the circular economy, sustainable supply chain management, and green management. 

This study examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on consumer buying behaviour in e-commerce platforms with special reference to Amazon. The rapid integration of AI technologies such as personalized recommendation systems, chatbots, and targeted advertising has significantly transformed the online shopping experience. The research is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from Amazon users. The analysis reveals that AI plays a crucial role in influencing consumer purchase decisions by enhancing convenience, improving product discovery, and increasing customer satisfaction. Personalized recommendations are found to be a key factor driving purchase intention. However, issues related to data privacy and trust continue to affect consumer perception. The study concludes that AI is a powerful tool in shaping modern consumer behaviour and provides valuable insights for improving customer engagement strategies in e-commerce platforms. 

The English language has emerged as the most dominant medium of global communication in the contemporary world. Its widespread use across diverse domains such as business, education, technology, diplomacy, and media has positioned it as a global lingua franca. This paper explores the role of English in facilitating international communication, promoting cross-cultural understanding, and enabling global collaboration. The study highlights how English bridges linguistic and cultural gaps, allowing individuals from different nations to interact effectively. It also examines the historical factors that contributed to the global spread of English, including colonization, globalization, and technological advancements. Furthermore, the paper discusses the impact of English on education systems and professional opportunities, emphasizing its importance in accessing global knowledge and resources. While recognizing its advantages, the paper also addresses concerns related to linguistic imperialism and the marginalization of local languages. In conclusion, the paper argues that despite its challenges, English continues to play a crucial role in shaping global communication and fostering interconnectedness in an increasingly globalized world. The English language has emerged as the dominant medium of global communication, transcending geographical, cultural, and political boundaries. Its role as a lingua franca in diplomacy, business, science, technology, and education has made it indispensable in the modern world. This paper explores the historical evolution of English into a global language, its significance in international communication, and the challenges associated with linguistic dominance. It also examines the cultural implications of English globalization, the balance between linguistic diversity and uniformity, and the future trajectory of English in a multilingual world. By analyzing its role in fostering intercultural dialogue, promoting knowledge exchange, and enabling global cooperation, the study highlights both the opportunities and limitations of English as a universal medium of communication. 

The term gender refers to the economic, social and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female. In most societies, being a man or a woman is not simply a matter of different biological and physical characteristics. This paper deals with importance of gender equality towards achieving the goal of women empowerment. It outlines the gender inequality scenario in India and types of inequalities between men and women. This paper sheds light on importance of gender equality and role of gender equality in women empowerment, gender concern in development and gender mainstreaming in development. This paper concludes with some interesting findings along with policy suggestions. Main objectives of the studies are to understand and analyze gender inequality in India. To study gender inequality in education, health and employment in India. To suggest cures to reduce gender inequality in India. An about an aspect some methods are essential. There are several methods to study about the earth’s surface. Due to shortage of time and manpower, the method applied for the paper is Secondary Data Collection method. For the present work, data for the study have been collected from the Statistical Abstract of India and other related documents published by Census of India, and from other world reports on India. Millennium Development Goal 3 reflects the global attention to the issue of gender inequality and has been providing the impetus for governments to eliminate gender inequality in primary and secondary education by 2005 and in all levels by 2015 (Gender Inequality, UN). In context of above NGOs can also play an important role to eradicate Gender Inequality. Politicians should frame out policies for increasing social welfare development regarding this issue. The Campaign of our Prime Minister Mr. Narender Modi “Beti Bachao Beti Padhao” can be successful, when the mindset of Indian society will be changed towards women. 

This study examines the customer perception of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based banking services with special reference to the State Bank of India (SBI). With the rapid advancement of digital technologies, AI has become an integral part of banking operations, enhancing efficiency, security, and customer experience through tools such as chatbots, mobile banking applications, and automated services. The primary objective of the study is to analyze the level of customer awareness, usage, and perception of AI-driven services such as YONO SBI and chatbot assistance. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from SBI customers using a convenience sampling method. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis and chi-square tests are used for data interpretation. The findings indicate that a majority of customers have a positive perception of AI-based banking services due to their convenience, speed, and accessibility. However, concerns regarding data security, privacy, and lack of digital literacy among certain groups still exist. The study concludes that while AI significantly enhances customer satisfaction and banking efficiency, banks need to focus on improving trust, awareness, and user-friendliness to ensure wider adoption. 

The quick rise of robo-advisory services in FinTech suggests that wealth management will be more accessible and efficient. Due to psychological and societal obstacles, however, adoption is still restricted. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is expanded upon in this study to investigate how perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norms, and prior exposure to robots influence the adoption of robo-advisors. The study, which uses structural equation modeling (SEM) on survey responses from 150 digitally engaged consumers in Karnataka, India, demonstrates that the impact of perceived usefulness on behavioral intent is entirely mediated by attitude toward robo-advisors. Demographic variables (age and gender) show no significant moderation, but subjective norms have a significant impact on purpose among users unfamiliar with robots. The results emphasize the value of targeted social proof marketing and user-centered design in developing economies, as well as the “utility paradox” that they reveal. The theoretical and administrative ramifications for FinTech companies are examined. 

The circular economy (CE) has emerged as a restorative alternative to the linear “take-make-dispose” model by eliminating waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use at their highest value, and regenerating natural systems. This systematic review synthesizes the growing body of literature (2018-early 2026) on the integration of CE principles within sustainable supply chain management (SSCM), with particular emphasis on green management practices as critical enablers. Using the PRISMA protocol, the analysis draws from bibliometric studies, empirical research, case studies, and practitioner frameworks to demonstrate how green supply chain management (GSCM), reverse logistics, strategic alliances, and digital technologies facilitate closed-loop operations. Research output has grown exponentially since 2018, driven by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, EU regulations, and corporate ESG pressures. Key outcomes include enhanced resource efficiency, supply chain resilience, greenhouse gas reductions, and innovative business models. This review proposes a multi-level conceptual framework, critically examines benefits and barriers (with special attention to developing economies), and identifies persistent research gaps. It offers practical implications for managers and policymakers aiming to build regenerative supply networks. 

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has helped libraries make all their electronic resources accessible to their users. Securing library-subscribed resources from scammers or unauthorized users is a big challenge in the present era. Cyber security is an area that needs to be studied in the present scenario, and the library is no exception. Institutions, including libraries, are one of the targeted areas of ransomware attacks. Library computers, library patrons’ data, and library-subscribed resources are the target of cybercriminals. To overcome this, there is a need for cyber security in academic libraries. With the advance of Information Technology, new threats and unauthorized actions arise each day. To be able to protect information assets against these threats and actions is one of the most important issues nowadays. But sometimes technical and technological measures are not enough to protect an information asset. Additional measures must be employed because there are a lot of parameters when it comes to information security. One of these parameters is people. These people can be system administrators, security professionals, employees, and users. These are the people that interact with the information system. In order to secure the people parameter in an information system, a measure that employs moral judgment must be introduced. Information is power. Nowadays, the main concern of the cyber community is to protect this valuable asset. Technical and technological security measures are sometimes insufficient to protect an information system. Because there is a human factor in an information system. Ethics are a set of moral rules that guide people. With the help of ethics, better and more robust security can be achieved. In this paper, the role of ethics in information security is discussed. First of all, law, ethics, and information security concepts are briefly introduced. Later, some ethical concerns and perspectives in information security are given. 

This paper examines the relationship between global communication and identity formation in Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie. The novel presents postcolonial India as a space where language, history, and personal identity intersect with global influences. Through the protagonist Saleem Sinai, Rushdie explores how English functions as a medium of global communication while simultaneously shaping fragmented identities. The study argues that the novel reflects the complexities of postcolonial identity in a globalized world, where communication transcends national boundaries but creates tensions between tradition and modernity. 

Dalit women occupy one of the most structurally disadvantaged positions in Indian society due to the intersection of caste, class, and gender-based exclusion. This paper examines their triple marginalization through the lens of Dalit Feminist Standpoint Theory, emphasizing the epistemic value of their lived experiences. The study explores how caste hierarchy, economic deprivation, and patriarchal norms combine to produce compounded vulnerabilities that neither mainstream feminism nor Dalit political movements have adequately addressed. Drawing on secondary literature, government data, and theoretical scholarship, the paper analyses how structural violence, social discrimination, and labour exploitation constrain the lives of Dalit women, while also highlighting their agency through collective mobilization, activism, and identity assertion. It further evaluates pathways to empowerment through education, legal rights, representation, and social transformation. The study argues that centering Dalit women’s standpoint is critical for advancing inclusive feminist thought and building a more democratic and equitable society.

This paper explores English not as a rigid set of classroom rules, but as a living, shared medium connecting people across continents. It utilizes the 4 Ps framework-Purpose, Process, Product, and People-to examine English as a dynamic human meeting ground.

The Purpose of English’s spread, though rooted in colonial history, has evolved. Today, it serves as a neutral bridge in multilingual countries and a highly practical tool for global participation, allowing individuals to seamlessly navigate business, academia, and the digital world.

The Process of acquiring English extends far beyond formal textbooks. Driven by technology, popular media, and daily interactions, learning has become highly organic. Today’s speakers increasingly prioritize effective communication and adaptability over strict grammatical perfection, bending the language to fit their unique needs.

The Product of this global use is complex. It unlocks significant economic opportunities and accelerates the worldwide exchange of ideas. Conversely, it raises serious equity issues, risking the exclusion of those without access to English education and threatening the survival of smaller languages and their corresponding cultures.

Finally, the People shaping English are predominantly non-native speakers. By blending it with their native tongues and creating new expressions, they prove English no longer belongs to a single group. It is defined by mutual compromise, where speakers meet halfway to be understood.

Ultimately, this paper frames English as a deeply human phenomenon. Despite its inherent challenges, it reflects our universal, shared desire to connect, be heard, and understand one another. 

This paper aims to assess and investigate the necessity of skill development and how it helps women become more powerful. Women are seen as an economic asset in every community and play an important role in their social, cultural, economic, and religious lifestyles. However, they continue to fall well short in many areas of life, including work, education, health, and economic empowerment, among others. Despite their diligence, they have little control over resources and economic activity. Therefore, in order to remove inequality, discrimination, and exploitation and to accomplish women’s overall growth in society, skill development is necessary to enable economic empowerment of women. Women have been excluded from the amazing advancement of humanity due to a lack of education and skill development. Skill development among women is the need of the hour so as to make them confident, self-reliant and to develop in them the ability to be a part of decision making. Women can live with dignity and independence if they are empowered via education and skill development. The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has been carrying out a number of programs to empower women via skill development. Through ten programs in skill development and entrepreneurship, the Skill India Mission seeks to empower women and boost their participation in the workforce. 

The Adil Shahi rulers made an elaborate arrangement of pure and wholesome water for the people of Bijapur and its suburbs. The water works, bearing ample testimony to the sophistication of the engineers of that period, are the most fascinating aspect of Bijapur. The main sources of water were reservoirs, lakes, tanks, ponds and wells. The tanks during the Adil Shahi period can be classified as those which supplied drinking water to Bijapur, its suburbs, and tanks meant for irrigation, and for maintaining water works. The city of Bijapur is located in the dry Deccan region of India, yet ensured 24x7 water supply to its citizens be it for agricultural or domestic use during the 14th to 18th centuries under the Bahmani and Adil-Shahi Dynasty. 

Two unique urban water systems, the Kharejari and Muhammed Nada, accompanied by several cisterns made it possible to populate and develop a city in the semi-arid region of India. Watershed management techniques were applied to ensure the sustainability of these water systems. Though in ruins, it provides water for irrigation and domestic use even today. Extensive ground surveys were carried out to record every segment using a mobile-based mapping application and handheld navigation device. Satellite data, topographical maps, historic maps and literature reviews aided in linking up all segments to prepare the first complete map of the Kharejari and Muhammed Nada water systems. Bijapur, a heritage city of Karnataka State, has undergone unplanned organic urban growth coupled with a lack of awareness, understanding, conservation practices, and appropriate implementation of existing policies, which have resulted in an unsustainable geophysical alteration of the fragile hydraulic landscape affecting these unique water systems. This paper discusses the intricate details of the historic water systems of Bijapur and discusses the challenges in conserving them as national heritage. 

This empirical research article examines cybersecurity risks in India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), focusing on user-behavior vulnerabilities, platform-level risks, and artificial intelligence’s role in threat detection. UPI’s rapid expansion has increased exposure to phishing, malicious links, identity compromise, malware, and social-engineering frauds. ONDC’s open-network design introduces additional trust, privacy, and security challenges due to multi-participant data exchange. The study uses mixed empirical methods-structured surveys and secondary literature-to assess risk perception, digital-payment trust, cybersecurity awareness, and AI-driven fraud monitoring acceptance. Findings indicate behavioral gaps remain primary vulnerabilities, while AI-driven anomaly detection, continuous authentication, and real-time risk scoring significantly improve fraud prevention and user confidence. The study concludes that cybersecurity in open digital commerce requires technical controls, platform governance, and user education to sustain fintech ecosystem trust. 

The rapid growth of Financial Technology (FinTech) has revolutionized the financial sector by enabling faster, more efficient, and accessible financial services. However, this digital transformation has also increased exposure to cyber threats. This paper examines the importance of cybersecurity in FinTech, identifies major cyber risks, evaluates current security measures, and explores future trends to ensure safe digital transactions and sustainable financial innovation. Mobile payments and digital wallets, blockchain, peer-to-peer lending, and investing are transforming the ways consumers and businesses access and manage cash. Yet, as digital transformation proceeds into Fintech, an accompanying explosion of cybersecurity risk has occurred, including data breaches, fraud, phishing, malware, and insider threats. There are significant challenges in the context of Fintech, highlighting the important issues of third-party risk, regulatory compliance, secure API integration, and real-time fraud detection. Significant technologies such as encryption, multi-factor authentication. This describes the Fintech ecosystem, models of digital transactions, and the associated landscape of cybersecurity threats. There are significant challenges in the context of Fintech, highlighting the important issues of third-party risk, regulatory compliance, secure API integration, and real-time fraud detection. Significant technologies such as encryption, multi-factor authentication, AI-based threat detection, blockchain, and key technology features like zero trust will be more fully explained or described in relation to their Fintech platform capabilities. Using real-world case studies, we will see first-hand the implications of Fintech security holes and have gained data to better understand cyber defense strategies. 

The rapid growth of social media has transformed the way information is created, shared, and consumed. While social media platforms play a significant role in political communication and public opinion formation, they also pose serious challenges related to misinformation, data privacy, and cyber security. This paper examines the political influence of social media and associated cyber threats, with a special focus on the role of libraries in promoting digital literacy and cyber awareness. The study highlights the need for responsible information usage and emphasizes the importance of libraries as centers for guiding users in the digital age. 

The cement industry is an energy-intensive and significant contributor to climate change. The major environmental, health and safety issues associated with cement production are emissions to air and energy use. Cement manufacturing requires huge amount of non-renewable resources like raw material and fossil fuels. Safety of the Workers, while working with the machines in the plant or factory is essential, which protect the workers from accidents, hazards and such other harmful events. Hence, the corporate organizations and companies should maintain different safety measures so as to avoid industrial accidents. 

The main objectives of the studies are to study the socio-economic status of the cement industry workers. To know whether management of cement industries is serious about health and safety of their workers. To study the occupational safety for the workers in cement industries and to know about the safety equipments provided by management at their work places. The methodology of the study is the present research work is mainly based on primary data collected from workers in cement industries of Kalaburagi district. Hence, the primary data was collected from the workers working in cement industries located in Kalaburagi district. Vasavadatta Cement is one of the modern and efficient cement plants in India, producing best quality of cement to the complete satisfaction of its customers. It produces Gold 53, Super 43 Grade Cement and Birla Shakti Cement. The company possesses ISO-9002 and ISO-14001. This company is introducing latest management methods like Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) from Japan. Further, there are more than 10 cement industries in the Kalaburagi district, of which 3-4 are large scale industries. Hence, due to limited time frame, it was decided to select four large scale cement industries in Kalaburagi district and even the number of workers is also more and hence, totally 70 Cement industry workers selected in Vasavadatta cement industry in Sedam Taluka were surveyed. Due to such preventive measures, there are no records of death of any workers in the last five to ten years at cement industries. But there are minor security threats incidents which made a few of the workers disabled. 

The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of cement in the world just behind China, but ahead of the United States and Japan. The health and safety performance of the cement industry as a whole is lagging behind that of other, more proactive, sectors of manufacturing industry. Within the sector, there is a wide range of performances. The better companies have demonstrated that it is possible to achieve injury rates similar to the average for the manufacturing industry. However even the best have room for further improvement. The main objectives of the studies are to study the socio-educational and economic background of workers in cements industries. To understand the working conditions of workers in cement industries, to study the health status of workers conditions maintained by the cement industries at the work places. The data was used in the present research work is mainly based on primary data collected from workers in cement industries of Kalaburagi district. Hence, the primary data was collected from the workers working in cement industries located in Kalaburagi district. Vasavadatta Cement is one of the modern and efficient cement plants in India, producing best quality of cement to the complete satisfaction of its customers. It produces Gold 53, Super 43 Grade Cement and Birla Shakti Cement. Hence, due to limited time frame, it was decided to select four large scale cement industries in Kalaburagi district and even the number of workers is also more and hence, totally 70 Cement industry workers selected in Vasavadatta cement industry in Seadam Taluka were surveyed. The Factories Act has mentioned different conditions to ensure health of the labour in industries and these promote hygienic conditions at industries. 

The Vijayanagara Empire, which thrived from the 14th to the 17th centuries in South India, had a vibrant trade and economy that played a crucial role in its prosperity and cultural exchange. In terms of trade, the Vijayanagara Empire enjoyed strategic geographical advantages. The aim of this paper is to explore the political structure and cultural legacy of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Vijayanagara Empire, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries in South India, was characterized by a robust political structure and a rich cultural legacy that profoundly influenced the region’s history and heritage. Politically, the empire was centralized under a monarchy that wielded supreme authority over its vast territories. Governed from its capital at Hampi, the empire’s rulers, supported by a council of ministers known as the Mahapradhana, maintained a sophisticated administrative system. Provinces, known as Nadus or Rajyas, were governed by appointed Nayakas who managed local affairs under the oversight of provincial and central authorities. Commerce was inland, coastal and overseas. Calicut was the most important port on the Malabar coast. If Abdul Razak is to be believed, there were as many as 300 sea-ports in the Vijayanagara empire. There are commercial relations with the islands in the Indian Ocean, the Malaya archipelago, Burma, China, Arabia, Persia, South Africa, Abyssinia and Portugal. The exports from the Vijayanagara empire were cloth, rice, iron, salt, petrel, sugar and spices. The imports were horses, elephants, pearls, copper, coral, mercury, China silk and velvet. The coins of the empire were those of Gold, copper and silver. There were emblems of different gods and animals on them. Import was very much less than export during the Vijayanagara times, for the kingdom was autonomous. 

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has emerged as a transformative digital payment innovation in India, significantly redefining the country’s financial transaction landscape and accelerating the transition towards a less-cash and digitally driven economy. Launched in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India, UPI facilitates instant, secure, and interoperable fund transfers across multiple banking platforms through mobile-based applications. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and real-time processing capabilities have led to widespread adoption among individuals, businesses, and institutions. This study aims to critically examine the role of UPI in fostering economic growth, financial inclusion, digitalization, and business development in India. It explores how UPI has enhanced transaction efficiency, reduced dependency on cash, and improved access to financial services, particularly for underserved and unbanked populations. The research further investigates the contribution of UPI to the formalization of the economy, increased transparency in financial transactions, and the expansion of digital infrastructure. In addition, the study evaluates the impact of UPI on various stakeholders, including consumers, merchants, and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), highlighting its role in improving operational efficiency and enabling seamless participation in the digital economy. Despite its rapid growth and success, the research also addresses key challenges such as cybersecurity risks, digital literacy gaps, infrastructural limitations, and concerns regarding the sustainability of the zero-cost transaction model. 

The present global market is running around AI technologies. AI is becoming an integral part of the day-to-day activities of human beings. AI influences significantly in all the sectors, which start from agriculture, industry, service as well as research and development. The people are living in the age of Fast Moving Artificial Intelligence (FMAI). Through the concept of AI, the unknown, unsolved and complex problems are easily resolved without wasting much time and energy. However, when there is a growth of AI, simultaneously there is a negative impact on working human beings, where they are losing their jobs and reducing the standard of living. By considering AI in automated financial reporting, the companies are significantly using various AI technologies to prepare the financial statement, identifying the mistakes, rectifying the errors, as well as eliminating the financial frauds. AI significantly improves automated financial reporting and analysis by automating data extraction, reconciliation, and validation, reducing errors by up to 32% and speeding up closures by 48% compared to manual methods. 

This article investigates the intricate web of cultural dissensions in Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God (1964). Moving beyond a binary view of “colonizer vs. colonized,” this study examines the novel as a depiction of a society produced in an “interregnum”-a rupture in time where the past is no longer accessible and the future remains indeterminate. The research explores the semiotics of Igbo culture within the specific setting of Umuaro, a society in transition where traditional customs and foreign European influences clash. By analyzing the internal power struggles of Umuaro alongside the external pressures of British administration, this study highlights how ideological rigidity and the pragmatism of survival led to the eventual collapse of the traditional Igbo social order. Central to this analysis is the character of Ezeulu, the Chief Priest of Ulu, whose personal ambition and “fatal inflexibility” create a scission within his community. While the British administration sought to impose political authority by misinterpreting traditional structures, the internal division between Ezeulu and his rivals further “trampled” the culture, rendering it vulnerable to colonial displacement. Ultimately, the research argues that the shift toward Christianity was a pragmatic response to the threat of famine and social disintegration, signaling the “song of extermination” for traditional Africa and the birth of a new colonial order. This study utilizes a qualitative framework to examine how meaning is produced and contested, illustrating that the downfall of traditional society was a result of both external interference and internal rigidity.