Inequality and Inclusion: An Overview of Scheduled Castes’ Socio-Economic Conditions in Rural Karnataka

Abstract

Indian society has historically been characterized by a hierarchical caste structure that has significantly influenced access to resources, opportunities, and social mobility. Scheduled Castes (SCs), positioned at the lowest level of this hierarchy, have experienced persistent social exclusion, economic deprivation, and limited access to education and political participation. Despite constitutional safeguards and numerous welfare initiatives introduced after independence, disparities continue to exist, particularly in rural areas. This study examines the socio-economic conditions of Scheduled Castes in Karnataka with special emphasis on livelihoods, education, health, and government interventions. The paper also evaluates the effectiveness of welfare policies, including the Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan Act, and highlights the challenges that continue to impede inclusive development. The study concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen social justice and human development outcomes among Scheduled Castes.